effect-patterns-resource-management

Effect-TS Patterns: Resource Management

This skill provides 8 curated Effect-TS patterns for resource management. Use this skill when working on tasks related to:

• resource management
• Best practices in Effect-TS applications
• Real-world patterns and solutions

---

🟢 Beginner Patterns

Safely Bracket Resource Usage with acquireRelease

Rule: Bracket the use of a resource between an acquire and a release effect.

Good Example:

import { Effect, Console } from "effect";

// A mock resource that needs to be managed
const getDbConnection = Effect.sync(() => ({ id: Math.random() })).pipe(
  Effect.tap(() => Effect.log("Connection Acquired"))
);

const closeDbConnection = (conn: {
  id: number;
}): Effect.Effect<void, never, never> =>
  Effect.log(`Connection ${conn.id} Released`);

// The program that uses the resource
const program = Effect.acquireRelease(
  getDbConnection, // 1. acquire
  (connection) => closeDbConnection(connection) // 2. cleanup
).pipe(
  Effect.tap((connection) =>
    Effect.log(`Using connection ${connection.id} to run query...`)
  )
);

Effect.runPromise(Effect.scoped(program));

/*
Output:
Connection Acquired
Using connection 0.12345... to run query...
Connection 0.12345... Released
*/

Explanation: By using Effect.acquireRelease, the closeDbConnection logic is guaranteed to run after the main logic completes. This creates a self-contained, leak-proof unit of work that can be safely composed into larger programs.

Anti-Pattern:

Using a standard try...finally block with async/await. While it handles success and failure cases, it is not interruption-safe. If the fiber executing the Promise is interrupted by Effect's structured concurrency, the finally block is not guaranteed to run, leading to resource leaks.

// ANTI-PATTERN: Not interruption-safe
async function getUser() {
  const connection = await getDbConnectionPromise(); // acquire
  try {
    return await useConnectionPromise(connection); // use
  } finally {
    // This block may not run if the fiber is interrupted!
    await closeConnectionPromise(connection); // release
  }
}

Rationale:

Wrap the acquisition, usage, and release of a resource within an Effect.acquireRelease call. This ensures the resource's cleanup logic is executed, regardless of whether the usage logic succeeds, fails, or is interrupted.

This pattern is the foundation of resource safety in Effect. It provides a composable and interruption-safe alternative to a standard try...finally block. The release effect is guaranteed to execute, preventing resource leaks which are common in complex asynchronous applications, especially those involving concurrency where tasks can be cancelled.

---

🟡 Intermediate Patterns

Pool Resources for Reuse

Rule: Use Pool to manage expensive resources that can be reused across operations.

Good Example:

import { Effect, Pool, Scope, Duration } from "effect"

// ============================================
// 1. Define a poolable resource
// ============================================

interface DatabaseConnection {
  readonly id: number
  readonly query: (sql: string) => Effect.Effect<unknown[]>
  readonly close: () => Effect.Effect<void>
}

let connectionId = 0

const createConnection = Effect.gen(function* () {
  const id = ++connectionId
  yield* Effect.log(`Creating connection ${id}`)
  
  // Simulate connection setup time
  yield* Effect.sleep("100 millis")
  
  const connection: DatabaseConnection = {
    id,
    query: (sql) => Effect.gen(function* () {
      yield* Effect.log(`[Conn ${id}] Executing: ${sql}`)
      return [{ result: "data" }]
    }),
    close: () => Effect.gen(function* () {
      yield* Effect.log(`Closing connection ${id}`)
    }),
  }
  
  return connection
})

// ============================================
// 2. Create a pool
// ============================================

const makeConnectionPool = Pool.make({
  acquire: createConnection,
  size: 5,  // Maximum 5 connections
})

// ============================================
// 3. Use the pool
// ============================================

const runQuery = (pool: Pool.Pool<DatabaseConnection>, sql: string) =>
  Effect.scoped(
    Effect.gen(function* () {
      // Get a connection from the pool
      const connection = yield* pool.get
      
      // Use it
      const results = yield* connection.query(sql)
      
      // Connection automatically returned to pool when scope ends
      return results
    })
  )

// ============================================
// 4. Run multiple queries concurrently
// ============================================

const program = Effect.scoped(
  Effect.gen(function* () {
    const pool = yield* makeConnectionPool
    
    yield* Effect.log("Starting concurrent queries...")
    
    // Run 10 queries with only 5 connections
    const queries = Array.from({ length: 10 }, (_, i) =>
      runQuery(pool, `SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ${i}`)
    )
    
    const results = yield* Effect.all(queries, { concurrency: "unbounded" })
    
    yield* Effect.log(`Completed ${results.length} queries`)
    return results
  })
)

Effect.runPromise(program)

Rationale:

Use Pool to manage a collection of reusable resources. The pool handles acquisition, release, and lifecycle management automatically.

---

Creating resources is expensive:

1. Database connections - TCP handshake, authentication
2. HTTP clients - Connection setup, TLS negotiation
3. Worker threads - Spawn overhead
4. File handles - System calls

Pooling amortizes this cost across many operations.

---

---

Create a Service Layer from a Managed Resource

Rule: Provide a managed resource to the application context using Layer.scoped.

Good Example:

import { Effect, Console } from "effect";

// 1. Define the service interface
interface DatabaseService {
  readonly query: (sql: string) => Effect.Effect<string[], never, never>;
}

// 2. Define the service implementation with scoped resource management
class Database extends Effect.Service<DatabaseService>()("Database", {
  // The scoped property manages the resource lifecycle
  scoped: Effect.gen(function* () {
    const id = Math.floor(Math.random() * 1000);

    // Acquire the connection
    yield* Effect.log(`[Pool ${id}] Acquired`);

    // Setup cleanup to run when scope closes
    yield* Effect.addFinalizer(() => Effect.log(`[Pool ${id}] Released`));

    // Return the service implementation
    return {
      query: (sql: string) =>
        Effect.sync(() => [`Result for '${sql}' from pool ${id}`]),
    };
  }),
}) {}

// 3. Use the service in your program
const program = Effect.gen(function* () {
  const db = yield* Database;
  const users = yield* db.query("SELECT * FROM users");
  yield* Effect.log(`Query successful: ${users[0]}`);
});

// 4. Run the program with scoped resource management
Effect.runPromise(
  Effect.scoped(program).pipe(Effect.provide(Database.Default))
);

/*
Output:
[Pool 458] Acquired
Query successful: Result for 'SELECT * FROM users' from pool 458
[Pool 458] Released
*/

Explanation: The Effect.Service helper creates the Database class, which acts as both the service definition and its context key (Tag). The Database.Live layer connects this service to a concrete, lifecycle-managed implementation. When program asks for the Database service, the Effect runtime uses the Live layer to run the acquire effect once, caches the resulting DbPool, and injects it. The release effect is automatically run when the program completes.

Anti-Pattern:

Creating and exporting a global singleton instance of a resource. This tightly couples your application to a specific implementation, makes testing difficult, and offers no guarantees about graceful shutdown.

// ANTI-PATTERN: Global singleton
export const dbPool = makeDbPoolSync(); // Eagerly created, hard to test/mock

function someBusinessLogic() {
  // This function has a hidden dependency on the global dbPool
  return dbPool.query("SELECT * FROM products");
}

Rationale:

Define a service using class MyService extends Effect.Service(...). Implement the service using the scoped property of the service class. This property should be a scoped Effect (typically from Effect.acquireRelease) that builds and releases the underlying resource.

This pattern is the key to building robust, testable, and leak-proof applications in Effect. It elevates a managed resource into a first-class service that can be used anywhere in your application. The Effect.Service helper simplifies defining the service's interface and context key. This approach decouples your business logic from the concrete implementation, as the logic only depends on the abstract service. The Layer declaratively handles the resource's entire lifecycle, ensuring it is acquired lazily, shared safely, and released automatically.

---

Compose Resource Lifecycles with Layer.merge

Rule: Compose multiple scoped layers using Layer.merge or by providing one layer to another.

Good Example:

import { Effect, Layer, Console } from "effect";

// --- Service 1: Database ---
interface DatabaseOps {
  query: (sql: string) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>;
}

class Database extends Effect.Service<DatabaseOps>()("Database", {
  sync: () => ({
    query: (sql: string): Effect.Effect<string, never, never> =>
      Effect.sync(() => `db says: ${sql}`),
  }),
}) {}

// --- Service 2: API Client ---
interface ApiClientOps {
  fetch: (path: string) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>;
}

class ApiClient extends Effect.Service<ApiClientOps>()("ApiClient", {
  sync: () => ({
    fetch: (path: string): Effect.Effect<string, never, never> =>
      Effect.sync(() => `api says: ${path}`),
  }),
}) {}

// --- Application Layer ---
// W

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