libafl

LibAFL

LibAFL is a modular fuzzing library that implements features from AFL-based fuzzers like AFL++. Unlike traditional fuzzers, LibAFL provides all functionality in a modular and customizable way as a Rust library. It can be used as a drop-in replacement for libFuzzer or as a library to build custom fuzzers from scratch.

When to Use

Fuzzer	Best For	Complexity
libFuzzer	Quick setup, single-threaded	Low
AFL++	Multi-core, general purpose	Medium
LibAFL	Custom fuzzers, advanced features, research	High

Choose LibAFL when:

• You need custom mutation strategies or feedback mechanisms
• Standard fuzzers don't support your target architecture
• You want to implement novel fuzzing techniques
• You need fine-grained control over fuzzing components
• You're conducting fuzzing research

Quick Start

LibAFL can be used as a drop-in replacement for libFuzzer with minimal setup:

extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t *data, size_t size) {
    // Call your code with fuzzer-provided data
    my_function(data, size);
    return 0;
}

Build LibAFL's libFuzzer compatibility layer:

git clone https://github.com/AFLplusplus/LibAFL
cd LibAFL/libafl_libfuzzer_runtime
./build.sh

Compile and run:

clang++ -DNO_MAIN -g -O2 -fsanitize=fuzzer-no-link libFuzzer.a harness.cc main.cc -o fuzz
./fuzz corpus/

Installation

Prerequisites

• Clang/LLVM 15-18
• Rust (via rustup)
• Additional system dependencies

Linux/macOS

Install Clang:

apt install clang

Or install a specific version via apt.llvm.org:

wget https://apt.llvm.org/llvm.sh
chmod +x llvm.sh
sudo ./llvm.sh 15

Configure environment for Rust:

export RUSTFLAGS="-C linker=/usr/bin/clang-15"
export CC="clang-15"
export CXX="clang++-15"

Install Rust:

curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh

Install additional dependencies:

apt install libssl-dev pkg-config

For libFuzzer compatibility mode, install nightly Rust:

rustup toolchain install nightly --component llvm-tools

Verification

Build LibAFL to verify installation:

cd LibAFL/libafl_libfuzzer_runtime
./build.sh
# Should produce libFuzzer.a

Writing a Harness

LibAFL harnesses follow the same pattern as libFuzzer when using drop-in replacement mode:

extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t *data, size_t size) {
    // Your fuzzing target code here
    return 0;
}

When building custom fuzzers with LibAFL as a Rust library, harness logic is integrated directly into the fuzzer. See the "Writing a Custom Fuzzer" section below for the full pattern.

See Also: For detailed harness writing techniques, see the harness-writing technique skill.

Usage Modes

LibAFL supports two primary usage modes:

1. libFuzzer Drop-in Replacement

Use LibAFL as a replacement for libFuzzer with existing harnesses.

Compilation:

clang++ -DNO_MAIN -g -O2 -fsanitize=fuzzer-no-link libFuzzer.a harness.cc main.cc -o fuzz

Running:

./fuzz corpus/

Recommended for long campaigns:

./fuzz -fork=1 -ignore_crashes=1 corpus/

2. Custom Fuzzer as Rust Library

Build a fully customized fuzzer using LibAFL components.

Create project:

cargo init --lib my_fuzzer
cd my_fuzzer
cargo add libafl@0.13 libafl_targets@0.13 libafl_bolts@0.13 libafl_cc@0.13 \
  --features "libafl_targets@0.13/libfuzzer,libafl_targets@0.13/sancov_pcguard_hitcounts"

Configure Cargo.toml:

[lib]
crate-type = ["staticlib"]

Writing a Custom Fuzzer

See Also: For detailed harness writing techniques, patterns for handling complex inputs, and advanced strategies, see the fuzz-harness-writing technique skill.

Fuzzer Components

A LibAFL fuzzer consists of modular components:

1. Observers - Collect execution feedback (coverage, timing)
2. Feedback - Determine if inputs are interesting
3. Objective - Define fuzzing goals (crashes, timeouts)
4. State - Maintain corpus and metadata
5. Mutators - Generate new inputs
6. Scheduler - Select which inputs to mutate
7. Executor - Run the target with inputs

Basic Fuzzer Structure

use libafl::prelude::*;
use libafl_bolts::prelude::*;
use libafl_targets::{libfuzzer_test_one_input, std_edges_map_observer};

#[no_mangle]
pub extern "C" fn libafl_main() {
    let mut run_client = |state: Option<_>, mut restarting_mgr, _core_id| {
        // 1. Setup observers
        let edges_observer = HitcountsMapObserver::new(
            unsafe { std_edges_map_observer("edges") }
        ).track_indices();
        let time_observer = TimeObserver::new("time");

        // 2. Define feedback
        let mut feedback = feedback_or!(
            MaxMapFeedback::new(&edges_observer),
            TimeFeedback::new(&time_observer)
        );

        // 3. Define objective
        let mut objective = feedback_or_fast!(
            CrashFeedback::new(),
            TimeoutFeedback::new()
        );

        // 4. Create or restore state
        let mut state = state.unwrap_or_else(|| {
            StdState::new(
                StdRand::new(),
                InMemoryCorpus::new(),
                OnDiskCorpus::new(&output_dir).unwrap(),
                &mut feedback,
                &mut objective,
            ).unwrap()
        });

        // 5. Setup mutator
        let mutator = StdScheduledMutator::new(havoc_mutations());
        let mut stages = tuple_list!(StdMutationalStage::new(mutator));

        // 6. Setup scheduler
        let scheduler = IndexesLenTimeMinimizerScheduler::new(
            &edges_observer,
            QueueScheduler::new()
        );

        // 7. Create fuzzer
        let mut fuzzer = StdFuzzer::new(scheduler, feedback, objective);

        // 8. Define harness
        let mut harness = |input: &BytesInput| {
            let buf = input.target_bytes().as_slice();
            libfuzzer_test_one_input(buf);
            ExitKind::Ok
        };

        // 9. Setup executor
        let mut executor = InProcessExecutor::with_timeout(
            &mut harness,
            tuple_list!(edges_observer, time_observer),
            &mut fuzzer,
            &mut state,
            &mut restarting_mgr,
            timeout,
        )?;

        // 10. Load initial inputs
        if state.must_load_initial_inputs() {
            state.load_initial_inputs(
                &mut fuzzer,
                &mut executor,
                &mut restarting_mgr,
                &input_dir
            )?;
        }

        // 11. Start fuzzing
        fuzzer.fuzz_loop(&mut stages, &mut executor, &mut state, &mut restarting_mgr)?;
        Ok(())
    };

    // Launch fuzzer
    Launcher::builder()
        .run_client(&mut run_client)
        .cores(&cores)
        .build()
        .launch()
        .unwrap();
}

Compilation

Verbose Mode

Manually specify all instrumentation flags:

clang++-15 -DNO_MAIN -g -O2 \
  -fsanitize-coverage=trace-pc-guard \
  -fsanitize=address \
  -Wl,--whole-archive target/release/libmy_fuzzer.a -Wl,--no-whole-archive \
  main.cc harness.cc -o fuzz

Compiler Wrapper (Recommended)

Create a LibAFL compiler wrapper to handle instrumentation automatically.

Create src/bin/libafl_cc.rs:

use libafl_cc::{ClangWrapper, CompilerWrapper, Configuration, ToolWrapper};

pub fn main() {
    let args: Vec<String> = env::args().collect();
    let mut cc = ClangWrapper::new();
    cc.cpp(is_cpp)
      .parse_args(&args)
      .link_staticlib(&dir, "my_fuzzer")
      .add_args(&Configuration::GenerateCoverageMap.to_flags().unwrap())
      .add_args(&Configuration::AddressSanitizer.to_flags().unwrap())
      .run()
      .unwrap();
}

Compile and use:

cargo build --release
target/release/libafl_cxx -DNO_MAIN -g -O2 main.cc harness.cc -o fuzz

See Also: For detailed sanitizer configuration, common issues, and advanced flags, see the address-sanitizer and undefined-behavior-sanitizer technique skills.

Running Campaigns

Basic Run

./fuzz --cores 0 --input corpus/

Multi-Core Fuzzing

./fuzz --cores 0,8-15 --input corpus/

This runs 9 clients: one on core 0, and 8 on cores 8-15.

With Options

./fuzz --cores 0-7 --input corpus/ --output crashes/ --timeout 1000

Text User Interface (TUI)

Enable graphical statistics view:

./fuzz -tui=1 corpus/

Interpreting Output

Output	Meaning
corpus: N	Number of interesting test cases found
objectives: N	Number of crashes/timeouts found
executions: N	Total number of target invocations
exec/sec: N	Current execution throughput
edges: X%	Code coverage percentage
clients: N	Number of parallel fuzzing processes

The fuzzer emits two main event types:

• UserStats - Regular heartbeat with current statistics
• Testcase - New interesting input discovered

Advanced Usage

Tips and Tricks

Tip	Why It Helps
Use -fork=1 -ignore_crashes=1	Continue fuzzing after first crash
Use InMemoryOnDiskCorpus	Persist corpus across restarts
Enable TUI with -tui=1	Better visualization of progress
Use specific LLVM version	Avoid compatibility issues
Set RUSTFLAGS correctly	Prevent linking errors

Crash Deduplication

Avoid storing duplicate crashes from the same bug:

Add backtrace observer:

let backtrace_observer = BacktraceObserver::owned(
    "BacktraceObserver",
    libafl::observers::HarnessType::InProcess
);

Update executor:

let mut executor = InProcessExecutor::with_timeout(
    &mut harness,
    tuple_list!(edges_observer, time_observer, backtrace_observer),
    &mut fuzzer,
    &mut state,
    &m

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