python-patterns

Python 开发模式

用于构建健壮、高效和可维护应用程序的惯用 Python 模式与最佳实践。

何时激活

• 编写新的 Python 代码
• 审查 Python 代码
• 重构现有的 Python 代码
• 设计 Python 包/模块

核心原则

1. 可读性很重要

Python 优先考虑可读性。代码应该清晰且易于理解。

# Good: Clear and readable
def get_active_users(users: list[User]) -> list[User]:
    """Return only active users from the provided list."""
    return [user for user in users if user.is_active]


# Bad: Clever but confusing
def get_active_users(u):
    return [x for x in u if x.a]

2. 显式优于隐式

避免魔法；清晰说明你的代码在做什么。

# Good: Explicit configuration
import logging

logging.basicConfig(
    level=logging.INFO,
    format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
)

# Bad: Hidden side effects
import some_module
some_module.setup()  # What does this do?

3. EAFP - 请求宽恕比请求许可更容易

Python 倾向于使用异常处理而非检查条件。

# Good: EAFP style
def get_value(dictionary: dict, key: str) -> Any:
    try:
        return dictionary[key]
    except KeyError:
        return default_value

# Bad: LBYL (Look Before You Leap) style
def get_value(dictionary: dict, key: str) -> Any:
    if key in dictionary:
        return dictionary[key]
    else:
        return default_value

类型提示

基本类型注解

from typing import Optional, List, Dict, Any

def process_user(
    user_id: str,
    data: Dict[str, Any],
    active: bool = True
) -> Optional[User]:
    """Process a user and return the updated User or None."""
    if not active:
        return None
    return User(user_id, data)

现代类型提示（Python 3.9+）

# Python 3.9+ - Use built-in types
def process_items(items: list[str]) -> dict[str, int]:
    return {item: len(item) for item in items}

# Python 3.8 and earlier - Use typing module
from typing import List, Dict

def process_items(items: List[str]) -> Dict[str, int]:
    return {item: len(item) for item in items}

类型别名和 TypeVar

from typing import TypeVar, Union

# Type alias for complex types
JSON = Union[dict[str, Any], list[Any], str, int, float, bool, None]

def parse_json(data: str) -> JSON:
    return json.loads(data)

# Generic types
T = TypeVar('T')

def first(items: list[T]) -> T | None:
    """Return the first item or None if list is empty."""
    return items[0] if items else None

基于协议的鸭子类型

from typing import Protocol

class Renderable(Protocol):
    def render(self) -> str:
        """Render the object to a string."""

def render_all(items: list[Renderable]) -> str:
    """Render all items that implement the Renderable protocol."""
    return "\n".join(item.render() for item in items)

错误处理模式

特定异常处理

# Good: Catch specific exceptions
def load_config(path: str) -> Config:
    try:
        with open(path) as f:
            return Config.from_json(f.read())
    except FileNotFoundError as e:
        raise ConfigError(f"Config file not found: {path}") from e
    except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
        raise ConfigError(f"Invalid JSON in config: {path}") from e

# Bad: Bare except
def load_config(path: str) -> Config:
    try:
        with open(path) as f:
            return Config.from_json(f.read())
    except:
        return None  # Silent failure!

异常链

def process_data(data: str) -> Result:
    try:
        parsed = json.loads(data)
    except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
        # Chain exceptions to preserve the traceback
        raise ValueError(f"Failed to parse data: {data}") from e

自定义异常层次结构

class AppError(Exception):
    """Base exception for all application errors."""
    pass

class ValidationError(AppError):
    """Raised when input validation fails."""
    pass

class NotFoundError(AppError):
    """Raised when a requested resource is not found."""
    pass

# Usage
def get_user(user_id: str) -> User:
    user = db.find_user(user_id)
    if not user:
        raise NotFoundError(f"User not found: {user_id}")
    return user

上下文管理器

资源管理

# Good: Using context managers
def process_file(path: str) -> str:
    with open(path, 'r') as f:
        return f.read()

# Bad: Manual resource management
def process_file(path: str) -> str:
    f = open(path, 'r')
    try:
        return f.read()
    finally:
        f.close()

自定义上下文管理器

from contextlib import contextmanager

@contextmanager
def timer(name: str):
    """Context manager to time a block of code."""
    start = time.perf_counter()
    yield
    elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start
    print(f"{name} took {elapsed:.4f} seconds")

# Usage
with timer("data processing"):
    process_large_dataset()

上下文管理器类

class DatabaseTransaction:
    def __init__(self, connection):
        self.connection = connection

    def __enter__(self):
        self.connection.begin_transaction()
        return self

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        if exc_type is None:
            self.connection.commit()
        else:
            self.connection.rollback()
        return False  # Don't suppress exceptions

# Usage
with DatabaseTransaction(conn):
    user = conn.create_user(user_data)
    conn.create_profile(user.id, profile_data)

推导式和生成器

列表推导式

# Good: List comprehension for simple transformations
names = [user.name for user in users if user.is_active]

# Bad: Manual loop
names = []
for user in users:
    if user.is_active:
        names.append(user.name)

# Complex comprehensions should be expanded
# Bad: Too complex
result = [x * 2 for x in items if x > 0 if x % 2 == 0]

# Good: Use a generator function
def filter_and_transform(items: Iterable[int]) -> list[int]:
    result = []
    for x in items:
        if x > 0 and x % 2 == 0:
            result.append(x * 2)
    return result

生成器表达式

# Good: Generator for lazy evaluation
total = sum(x * x for x in range(1_000_000))

# Bad: Creates large intermediate list
total = sum([x * x for x in range(1_000_000)])

生成器函数

def read_large_file(path: str) -> Iterator[str]:
    """Read a large file line by line."""
    with open(path) as f:
        for line in f:
            yield line.strip()

# Usage
for line in read_large_file("huge.txt"):
    process(line)

数据类和命名元组

数据类

from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from datetime import datetime

@dataclass
class User:
    """User entity with automatic __init__, __repr__, and __eq__."""
    id: str
    name: str
    email: str
    created_at: datetime = field(default_factory=datetime.now)
    is_active: bool = True

# Usage
user = User(
    id="123",
    name="Alice",
    email="alice@example.com"
)

带验证的数据类

@dataclass
class User:
    email: str
    age: int

    def __post_init__(self):
        # Validate email format
        if "@" not in self.email:
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid email: {self.email}")
        # Validate age range
        if self.age < 0 or self.age > 150:
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid age: {self.age}")

命名元组

from typing import NamedTuple

class Point(NamedTuple):
    """Immutable 2D point."""
    x: float
    y: float

    def distance(self, other: 'Point') -> float:
        return ((self.x - other.x) ** 2 + (self.y - other.y) ** 2) ** 0.5

# Usage
p1 = Point(0, 0)
p2 = Point(3, 4)
print(p1.distance(p2))  # 5.0

装饰器

函数装饰器

import functools
import time

def timer(func: Callable) -> Callable:
    """Decorator to time function execution."""
    @functools.wraps(func)
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        start = time.perf_counter()
        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
        elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start
        print(f"{func.__name__} took {elapsed:.4f}s")
        return result
    return wrapper

@timer
def slow_function():
    time.sleep(1)

# slow_function() prints: slow_function took 1.0012s

参数化装饰器

def repeat(times: int):
    """Decorator to repeat a function multiple times."""
    def decorator(func: Callable) -> Callable:
        @functools.wraps(func)
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            results = []
            for _ in range(times):
                results.append(func(*args, **kwargs))
            return results
        return wrapper
    return decorator

@repeat(times=3)
def greet(name: str) -> str:
    return f"Hello, {name}!"

# greet("Alice") returns ["Hello, Alice!", "Hello, Alice!", "Hello, Alice!"]

基于类的装饰器

class CountCalls:
    """Decorator that counts how many times a function is called."""
    def __init__(self, func: Callable):
        functools.update_wrapper(self, func)
        self.func = func
        self.count = 0

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.count += 1
        print(f"{self.func.__name__} has been called {self.count} times")
        return self.func(*args, **kwargs)

@CountCalls
def process():
    pass

# Each call to process() prints the call count

并发模式

用于 I/O 密集型任务的线程

import concurrent.futures
import threading

def fetch_url(url: str) -> str:
    """Fetch a URL (I/O-bound operation)."""
    import urllib.request
    with urllib.request.urlopen(url) as response:
        return response.read().decode()

def fetch_all_urls(urls: list[str]) -> dict[str, str]:
    """Fetch multiple URLs concurrently using threads."""
    with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=10) as executor:
        future_to_url = {executor.submit(fetch_url, url): url for url in urls}
        results = {}
        for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(future_to_url):
            url = future_to_url[future]
            try:
                results[url] = future.result()
            except Exception as e:
                results[url] = f"Error: {e}"
    return results

用于 CPU 密集型任务的多进程

def process_data(data: list[int]) -> int:
    """CPU-intensive computation."""
    return sum(x ** 2 for x in data)

def process_all(datasets: list[list[int]]) -> list[

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