projection-patterns

Projection Patterns

Comprehensive guide to building projections and read models for event-sourced systems.

When to Use This Skill

• Building CQRS read models
• Creating materialized views from events
• Optimizing query performance
• Implementing real-time dashboards
• Building search indexes from events
• Aggregating data across streams

Core Concepts

1. Projection Architecture

┌─────────────┐     ┌─────────────┐     ┌─────────────┐
│ Event Store │────►│ Projector   │────►│ Read Model  │
│             │     │             │     │ (Database)  │
│ ┌─────────┐ │     │ ┌─────────┐ │     │ ┌─────────┐ │
│ │ Events  │ │     │ │ Handler │ │     │ │ Tables  │ │
│ └─────────┘ │     │ │ Logic   │ │     │ │ Views   │ │
│             │     │ └─────────┘ │     │ │ Cache   │ │
└─────────────┘     └─────────────┘     └─────────────┘

2. Projection Types

Type	Description	Use Case
Live	Real-time from subscription	Current state queries
Catchup	Process historical events	Rebuilding read models
Persistent	Stores checkpoint	Resume after restart
Inline	Same transaction as write	Strong consistency

Templates

Template 1: Basic Projector

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Dict, Any, Callable, List
import asyncpg

@dataclass
class Event:
    stream_id: str
    event_type: str
    data: dict
    version: int
    global_position: int


class Projection(ABC):
    """Base class for projections."""

    @property
    @abstractmethod
    def name(self) -> str:
        """Unique projection name for checkpointing."""
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def handles(self) -> List[str]:
        """List of event types this projection handles."""
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    async def apply(self, event: Event) -> None:
        """Apply event to the read model."""
        pass


class Projector:
    """Runs projections from event store."""

    def __init__(self, event_store, checkpoint_store):
        self.event_store = event_store
        self.checkpoint_store = checkpoint_store
        self.projections: List[Projection] = []

    def register(self, projection: Projection):
        self.projections.append(projection)

    async def run(self, batch_size: int = 100):
        """Run all projections continuously."""
        while True:
            for projection in self.projections:
                await self._run_projection(projection, batch_size)
            await asyncio.sleep(0.1)

    async def _run_projection(self, projection: Projection, batch_size: int):
        checkpoint = await self.checkpoint_store.get(projection.name)
        position = checkpoint or 0

        events = await self.event_store.read_all(position, batch_size)

        for event in events:
            if event.event_type in projection.handles():
                await projection.apply(event)

            await self.checkpoint_store.save(
                projection.name,
                event.global_position
            )

    async def rebuild(self, projection: Projection):
        """Rebuild a projection from scratch."""
        await self.checkpoint_store.delete(projection.name)
        # Optionally clear read model tables
        await self._run_projection(projection, batch_size=1000)

Template 2: Order Summary Projection

class OrderSummaryProjection(Projection):
    """Projects order events to a summary read model."""

    def __init__(self, db_pool: asyncpg.Pool):
        self.pool = db_pool

    @property
    def name(self) -> str:
        return "order_summary"

    def handles(self) -> List[str]:
        return [
            "OrderCreated",
            "OrderItemAdded",
            "OrderItemRemoved",
            "OrderShipped",
            "OrderCompleted",
            "OrderCancelled"
        ]

    async def apply(self, event: Event) -> None:
        handlers = {
            "OrderCreated": self._handle_created,
            "OrderItemAdded": self._handle_item_added,
            "OrderItemRemoved": self._handle_item_removed,
            "OrderShipped": self._handle_shipped,
            "OrderCompleted": self._handle_completed,
            "OrderCancelled": self._handle_cancelled,
        }

        handler = handlers.get(event.event_type)
        if handler:
            await handler(event)

    async def _handle_created(self, event: Event):
        async with self.pool.acquire() as conn:
            await conn.execute(
                """
                INSERT INTO order_summaries
                (order_id, customer_id, status, total_amount, item_count, created_at)
                VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6)
                """,
                event.data['order_id'],
                event.data['customer_id'],
                'pending',
                0,
                0,
                event.data['created_at']
            )

    async def _handle_item_added(self, event: Event):
        async with self.pool.acquire() as conn:
            await conn.execute(
                """
                UPDATE order_summaries
                SET total_amount = total_amount + $2,
                    item_count = item_count + 1,
                    updated_at = NOW()
                WHERE order_id = $1
                """,
                event.data['order_id'],
                event.data['price'] * event.data['quantity']
            )

    async def _handle_item_removed(self, event: Event):
        async with self.pool.acquire() as conn:
            await conn.execute(
                """
                UPDATE order_summaries
                SET total_amount = total_amount - $2,
                    item_count = item_count - 1,
                    updated_at = NOW()
                WHERE order_id = $1
                """,
                event.data['order_id'],
                event.data['price'] * event.data['quantity']
            )

    async def _handle_shipped(self, event: Event):
        async with self.pool.acquire() as conn:
            await conn.execute(
                """
                UPDATE order_summaries
                SET status = 'shipped',
                    shipped_at = $2,
                    updated_at = NOW()
                WHERE order_id = $1
                """,
                event.data['order_id'],
                event.data['shipped_at']
            )

    async def _handle_completed(self, event: Event):
        async with self.pool.acquire() as conn:
            await conn.execute(
                """
                UPDATE order_summaries
                SET status = 'completed',
                    completed_at = $2,
                    updated_at = NOW()
                WHERE order_id = $1
                """,
                event.data['order_id'],
                event.data['completed_at']
            )

    async def _handle_cancelled(self, event: Event):
        async with self.pool.acquire() as conn:
            await conn.execute(
                """
                UPDATE order_summaries
                SET status = 'cancelled',
                    cancelled_at = $2,
                    cancellation_reason = $3,
                    updated_at = NOW()
                WHERE order_id = $1
                """,
                event.data['order_id'],
                event.data['cancelled_at'],
                event.data.get('reason')
            )

Template 3: Elasticsearch Search Projection

from elasticsearch import AsyncElasticsearch

class ProductSearchProjection(Projection):
    """Projects product events to Elasticsearch for full-text search."""

    def __init__(self, es_client: AsyncElasticsearch):
        self.es = es_client
        self.index = "products"

    @property
    def name(self) -> str:
        return "product_search"

    def handles(self) -> List[str]:
        return [
            "ProductCreated",
            "ProductUpdated",
            "ProductPriceChanged",
            "ProductDeleted"
        ]

    async def apply(self, event: Event) -> None:
        if event.event_type == "ProductCreated":
            await self.es.index(
                index=self.index,
                id=event.data['product_id'],
                document={
                    'name': event.data['name'],
                    'description': event.data['description'],
                    'category': event.data['category'],
                    'price': event.data['price'],
                    'tags': event.data.get('tags', []),
                    'created_at': event.data['created_at']
                }
            )

        elif event.event_type == "ProductUpdated":
            await self.es.update(
                index=self.index,
                id=event.data['product_id'],
                doc={
                    'name': event.data['name'],
                    'description': event.data['description'],
                    'category': event.data['category'],
                    'tags': event.data.get('tags', []),
                    'updated_at': event.data['updated_at']
                }
            )

        elif event.event_type == "ProductPriceChanged":
            await self.es.update(
                index=self.index,
                id=event.data['product_id'],
                doc={
                    'price': event.data['new_price'],
                    'price_updated_at': event.data['changed_at']
                }
            )

        elif event.event_type == "ProductDeleted":
            await self.es.delete(
                index=self.index,
                id=event.data['product_id']
            )

Template 4: Aggregating Projection

class DailySalesProjection(Projection):
    """Aggregates sales data by day for reporting."""

    def __init__(self, d

---

*Content truncated.*